POLITICS

[ Henry Fox, 1st Lord Holland. ] Autograph Signature ('H Fox'), with those of George Lyttelton ('G Lyttelton') and Richard Arundell ('R Arundell').

Author: 
Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland of Foxley [ Lord Holland ] (1705-1774); George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton [ Lord Lyttelton ] (1709-1773); Richard Arundell; John Lesingham
Publication details: 
Orford, 27 May 1746.
£60.00

On 16 x 6.5 cm strip of paper, cut from financial document. In fair condition, lightly aged and worn. Addressed to 'Mr. Townshend' on one side, with signature of witness 'Jno. Lesingham', with the signatures of 'H Fox', 'R Arundell' and 'G Lyttelton' on the other, with date 27 May 1746, next to the word Orford, and below part of a sentence relating to 'Duty on Candles'.

[ Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain, Conservative politician. ] Autograph Signature ('Austen Chamberlain') on duplicated 'Agenda' of a meeting of the Coalition Liberal Organisation meeting.

Author: 
Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain (1863-1937), Conservative politician, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize
Publication details: 
With stamp of the Conservative Liberal Organisation, Headquarters Western Group, 28 Baldwin Street, Bristol. Undated, but dated to December 1920 in manuscript.
£65.00

1p., folio. On aged and creased paper. With Coalition Liberal Organisation stamp at bottom right, and manuscript date 'Decr 1920' at head. The agenda is in four numbered parts, including an 'Address by the Right Honourable J. Austen Chamberlain, M.P. (Chancellor of the Exchequer)', and the proposing by T. W. H. Inskip, M.P., of F. A. Wilshire, 'Prospective Coalition Candidate Thornbury Division', with Sir George Davies in support.

[ Richard Oastler, factory reformer. ] Autograph Letter Signed to his daughter Maria, wishing her a happy new year from the Fleet Prison, and describing the meal he has eaten there.

Author: 
Richard Oastler (1789-1861), abolitionist, factory reformer ('The Factory King') and Tory radical
Publication details: 
'The Queen's Prison [i.e. the Fleet Prison ] | Jany. 1. 1843.'
£150.00

1p., 4to. In fair condition, on aged and worn paper, with slight damage to corners caused by removal from album. For the context of the letter, see Oastler's entry in the Oxford DNB, which explains that he was nearing the end of a three and a half year sentence at the Fleet Prison, for 'debts accumulated during his stewardship at Fixby', the charge being a 'Pretext', his 'campaign against the new poor law' having proved 'incendiary'. The letter begins: 'Maria! | This comes from thy own Papa, to wish thee a Happy new Year.

[ Samuel March Phillipps, legal writer and civil servant. ] Three Letters in a secretarial hand, all signed by him ('S M Phillipps'), to Seymour Teulon, regarding his attempts to present an 'Address of the Borough of Southwark' at a levee.

Author: 
Samuel March Phillipps (1780-1862), legal writer and civil servant, Permanent Under-Secretary for Home Affairs [ Lord John Russell; Seymour Teulon, chairman, Southwark Reform Association ]
Publication details: 
All three from Whitehall. 18 and 22 July 1837, and 10 February 1838.
£80.00

The three items in good condition, on lightly-aged paper. The first two, both on black-bordered paper, are each 1p., 4to; the third is 1p., folio. In the three letters Teulon's address is given as Dean Street, Southwark. The first two appear to be in Phillipps's hand, but the matter is uncertain. Phillipps writes on behalf of the Home Secretary Lord John Russell, to whom he acted as private secretary.

[ Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, Governor of Victoria. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('T. Brassey') to the Secretary of the Royal Naval College Mess Committee, asking to change the date of a meeting, as he is hunting with his brother's hounds.

Author: 
Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey (1836-1918), Governor of Victoria, Liberal politician, yachtsman and freemason
Publication details: 
On letterhead of Heythrop, Chipping Norton. 19 February 1876.
£50.00

2pp., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. The letter begins: 'I have just come down here, and find my brother's hounds are hunting on Tuesday. I venture therefore to ask, if I may be allowed to change my plans, and to dine with you on Thursday next, instead of Tuesday.' He concludes by explaining why he hopes the change may not be inconvenient.

[ George Tomline, Liberal MP, known as 'Colonel Tomline'. ] Autograph Letter Signed to R. C. Ransome, Ipswich manufacturer of agricultural machinery.

Author: 
George Tomline [ 'Colonel Tomline' ] (1813-1889), Liberal MP and amateur astronomer
Publication details: 
On letterhead of 1 Carlton House Terrace, S.W. [ London ] 13 June 1874.
£45.00

1p., 12mo. In fair condition, on lightly aged and ruckled paper. He invites him to pay him a four-day visit at Brock Park, 'to meet many of your Liberal friends'. Note: Tomline had his observatory at Orwell Park, hence a neighbour of Ransome's (Orwell House).

[ Francis Ingram-Seymour-Conway, 2nd Marquess of Hertford. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Hertford') to Sir Robert Bateson Harvey, requesting his political support.

Author: 
Francis Ingram-Seymour-Conway, 2nd Marquis of Hertford [ previously Viscount Beauchamp ] (1743-1822), British peer and politician
Publication details: 
Suffolk, 29 October [ 1806 ].
£80.00

1p., 4to. On bifolium. In good condtion, lightly aged. Addressed, with part of red wax seal, on reverse of second leaf, to 'Sir Robert Bateson Harvey Bt | Langley Park'. He is 'perfectly aware' of his 'having not the smallest pretention to apply' to Harvey, but is encouraged 'by the friendly support which you gave to Mr Macnaughten at the general election in the county of Antrim to beg a continuance of your support and assistance on the present occasion'. Previously represented Lisburn and Antrim in the 1770s. See Wikipedia for details of his political career (not revealing about 1806 though).

[ W. H. Smith, stationer and Conservative politician. ] Autograph Signature on cover of envelope, franking a letter to Thomas Thatcher.

Author: 
W. H. Smith [ William Henry Smith ] (1825-1901), stationer and Conservative politician, First Lord of the Admiralty and First Lord of the Treasury
Publication details: 
No date or place.
£20.00

Cover of envelope, 9.5 x 13 cm. Aged and discoloured. Partial official postmark in red. Addressed by Smith at centre to 'Thomas Thatcher Esqre | 44 College Green | Bristol.' Signature in bottom left-hand corner: 'W. H. Smith'.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] A Grammar of Socialism.

Author: 
Thomas Wodehouse, Curate of the Savoy [ Women's Printing Society, Limited, 21B, Great College Street, Westminster; English socialism; radical Anglicanism ]
Publication details: 
Second Edition. John Hodges, 13 Soho Square, London, W. 1884.
£56.00

32pp., landscape 12mo (8.5 x 13.5 cm). Stitched in grey printed wraps. In fair condition, on lightly-aged paper, with front wrap detached and lightly marked. Wodehouse is named as author on front cover, but not on title-page. Laid out in the form of a fourteen-page catechism of 28 points, followed by 'Notes and Illustrations from Various Writers'. Pertinent as ever, in its criticism of 'excessive inequality in the partition of wealth'. COPAC only lists three copies of the first edition of 1878. Of the eight copies of the second 1884 edition on COPAC, six are listed as being printed by 'F.

Series of ten printed handbills by Mrs. Humphry Ward, on behalf of the Unionist Party in the General Election of 1910, under the title 'The Coming Election | Letters to My Neighbours | by | Mrs. Humphry Ward'.

Author: 
Mrs. Humphry Ward [ Mary A. Ward (1851-1920), novelist ] [ Jerome K. Jerome ]
Publication details: 
Addressed from 'Stocks, Aldbury, Tring.', and dating from between 10 and 17 January 1910. Published by Smith, Elder, & Co, London, and printed by Spottiswoode & Co. Ltd, London.
£220.00

A total of 41pp., 4to. Complete run of ten issues (a second edition, expanded to 63pp., appeared in the same year). In black cloth binding, with manuscript note on front pastedown: 'George H M Ricketts - | Lent to Mr Blackman with a hope that he will read it & circulate it amongst his friends.' Eight of the ten numbers are of 4pp.; one (no.4) is of 6pp; and another (no.10) of 3pp. Uniform in design and all printed in blue ink.

[ Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968. ] Duplicated typed document issued by 'Kilburn VSC', titled 'Czechoslovakia - A Marxist Analysis'.

Author: 
Kilburn Vietnam Solidarity Campaign [ VSC ] [ Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968; Aubrey Walter? ]
Publication details: 
At foot: 'published by Kilburn VSC, 329a West End Lane, London NW6' [ 1968 ].
£50.00

1p., folio. Printed in red. Sixty lines of text. In fair conditon, lightly aged and worn. The first paragraph reads: 'The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia has provoked the expected emotional outburst from the reformist Left, tailing as usual behind the hypocritical phrases of the British ruling class, who weep over "poor Czechoslovakia" while actively supporting the 100-times-worse suffering inflicted by the US on the Vietnamese.

[ Printed First World War pamphlet. ] Pan-German Socialism (Neo-Marxism).

Author: 
William Stephen Sanders [ The New Age, London ]
Publication details: 
'(Reprinted from "The New Age")'. W. H. Smith & Son, London. [ 1918. ]
£28.00

24pp., 12mo. Stapled. In good condition, with light signs of age. A wartime pamphlet, the latest reference in which is to 'the "demonstration" vote of the Socialist Party in the Reichstag, July, 1918, against the Budget', and thus written between that date and the end of the war. The author's message is summed-up in his conclusion: 'Franz Mehring is right in declaring that the old German Social Democracy is dead.

[ Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Lansdowne') to the economist Nassau Senior (acting as his agent), directing him to arrange accommodation for him at Ilfracombe.

Author: 
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice (1780-1863), 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne [ Lord Henry Petty ], British Liberal statesman [ Nassau Senior [ Nassau William Senior ] (1790-1864), economist ]
Publication details: 
Bowood [ Bowood House, Wiltshhire ]. 5 September 1837.
£56.00

2pp., 12mo. On leaf with mourning border. With 7.5 x 12.5 cm frank cut from front of envelope, reading 'Calne September fifth 1837 | Nassau Senior Esq | Ilfracombe | Devon | Lansdowne'. In good condition, lightly aged. While Senior is known to have been a protégé of the Marquess of Lansdowne, this letter suggests that he acted as his agent. The Marquess asks him to 'secure me a lodging at the hotel at Ilfracombe or if full at any house in the town on Friday, when I expect to be there pretty early'.

[ Lord Nugent, Irish politician and writer. ] Original Autograph Manuscript of the commencement of his tale 'The Confessions of A Suspicioius Gentleman. | by Lord Nugent'. With numerous emendations and deletions,

Author: 
Lord Nugent [ George Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent of Carlanstown ] (1788-1850), Irish Whig politician and writer
Publication details: 
Without place or date. On paper watermarked 'P EVERITT | 1827'. First published in London in 1830.
£520.00

9pp., folio. On five leaves of aged and worn paper. Heavily reworked, with numerous deletions and additions. Headed 'The Confessions of A [amended from 'The'] Suspicious Gentleman. | by Lord Nugent'. The present short story was first published in 'The Musical Bijou' for 1830, and was reprinted in 'The Polar Star' (abridged) and 'New York Mirror', before being collected in an anthology by Nugent and his Wife, 'Legends of the Library at Lilies, by the Lord and Lady there' (London: Longman, 1832), pp.51-91.

[ Henry Austin Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare, Liberal politician. ] Autograph Note Signed ('Aberdare').

Author: 
Henry Austin Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare [ Lord Aberdare ] (1815-1895), Liberal politician, British Home Secretary, 1868-1873
Publication details: 
On letterhead of Duffryn, Mountain Ash, South Wales. 10 March 1891.
£25.00

On letterhead, cropped down to 7.5 x 9 cm. In fair condition, on lightly-aged paper. Reads: 'March 10. 91 | B. C. | Alas! I am rusticating! | Aberdare'.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Faith and Fact. A Letter to the Rev. Henry M. Field, D.D. By Robert G. Ingersoll. Reprinted from the North American Review (November 1887).

Author: 
Robert G. Ingersoll [ Col. R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ Rev. Henry Martyn Field (1822-1907) ; G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, London, E.C. ] 1890.
£45.00

30pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, lightly aged. The only copies of this edition on COPAC at Oxford and the Humanist Library.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] God and Man. Second Letter to The Rev. Henry M. Field, D.D. by Robert G. Ingersoll. Reprinted from the North American Review (January 1888).

Author: 
Robert G. Ingersoll [ Col. R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ Rev. Henry Martyn Field (1822-1907) ; G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. ] 1888.
£45.00

16pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, lightly aged. 'You do not exactly appreciate my feeling. I do not hate Presbyterians; I hate Presbyterianism. I hate with all my heart the creed of that Church, and I most heartily despise the God described in the Confession of Faith. But some of the best friends I have in the world are afflicted with the mental malady known as Presbyterianism.' Uncommon.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] The Three Philanthropists. By Robert. G. Ingersoll.

Author: 
Robert G. Ingersoll [ Col. R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. 1892.
£45.00

15 + [1]pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, with light signs of age. Last page carries a list of 'Works by Colonel R. G. Ingersoll.' Scarce: no copy at the British Library, and the only copies on COPAC at the Humanist Library and Oxford.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] True Religion. By Robert G. Ingersoll.

Author: 
Robert G. Ingersoll [ Col. R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ Unitarian Club of New York; G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ Printed by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, London, E.C. ] 1892.
£45.00

16pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In fair condition, with light signs of age, and slight damage at margin of title-leaf from disbinding. The introduction reads: 'On Thursday evening, January 14, 1892, the Unitarian Club of New York, held its annual dinner at Sherry's.

[ Herbert Henry Asquith, Liberal Prime Minister. ] Autograph Note Signed ('H. H. Asquith') to W. J. Fisher, agreeing to join a committee appealing for help for the family of Harold Frederic.

Author: 
Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith [ H. H. Asquith ] (1852-1928), English Liberal Prime Minister
Publication details: 
On letterhead of 20 Cavendish Square, W. [ London ] 15 November 1898.
£55.00

1p., 12mo. Bifolium. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Reads: 'My dear Sir, | I shall be very happy to be one of the committee who are to appeal for help for the family of the late Harold Frederic.' The letter relates to a Victorian scandal. In 1884 Frederic (1856-1898) had come to England with his wife and five children as the London correspondent of the New York TImes. He set up a second household with Kate Lyon, with whom he had a further three children. Lyons was a Christian Scientist, and when Frederic suffered a stroke in 1898, she tried to cure him by faith healing.

[ Emilia, Lady Dilke. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Emilia F. S. Dilke') to 'Mrs Lewis', on topics including an article in 'The World', 'Mr Whitmore', 'Mrs Jay' and the Dilkes' 'island'.

Author: 
Emilia, Lady Dilke [ born Emily Francis Strong ] (1840-1904), feminist and trades unionist, wife, first of Oxford academic Mark Pattison (1813-84), and then of Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke (1843-1911)
Publication details: 
On letterhead of Dockett Eddy, by Shepperton, Middlesex. 26 June 1890.
£90.00

4pp., 12mo. Bifolium. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. She begins with criticism of an article 'which has also appeared in the "World", which she is sure 'will vex Mr Whitmore'. She assures Mrs Lewis that no-one will suspect her of involvement, and thanks her for having 'secured the valuable services of Mrs Jay for Park Walk [...] Her playing has been invaluable to us [...] I want to ask her to come on our sub-committee'. She would like Mrs Lewis and her daughter to 'come down & dine & sleep on our island!', the Thames running under the house's verandah.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Hereafter. By Colonel Ingersoll. The Great American Orator and Wit.

Author: 
Colonel Ingersoll [ Colonel R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ]
Publication details: 
'Twelfth Edition.' London: R. Forder; Freethought Publishing Co.; Truelove. Bristol: W. H. Morrish. Leicester: The Bookstall. Hull: Witty. Southampton: The Bookstall. Manchester: S. Watts. Edinburgh: Alexander Orr. Glasgow: Robert Ferguson. [c.1890 ]
£56.00

12pp., 12mo. Disbound. In detached grey printed wraps, with portrait of Ingesoll on cover. In good condition, on aged paper. Only one copy of this twelfth edition on COPAC, at the London School of Economics.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Colonel Ingersoll on the Great Mistake.

Author: 
Colonel Ingersoll [ R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ]
Publication details: 
Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, London, E.C. [ Circa 1890. ]
£56.00

8pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, lightly aged. Drophead title only. Scarce: no copy at the British Library, and the only copy on COPAC at Oxford University.

[ Printed pamphlet, with introduction by G. W. Foote. ] Marriage and Divorce. An Agnostic's View. By Colonel R. G. Ingersoll.

Author: 
Colonel R. G. Ingersoll [ Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28, Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, 28 Stonecutter St., London, E.C. ] 1890.
£45.00

15 + [1]pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, with light signs of age. Last page carries a list of 'Works by Colonel Ingersoll.' Foote's introductory note reads: 'During November and December, 1889, the North American Review printed a number of articles by representative men on the subject of Divorce. The editor framed a series of four questions, which the various writers replied to. Colonel Ingersoll answered them seriatim and fully, without the least evasion and reserve, having a habit, not only of meaning what he says, but of saying what he means.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Social Salvation. A Lay Sermon by Colonel R. G. Ingersoll. (Delivered on Nov. 14th, 1886.

Author: 
Colonel R. G. Ingersoll [ Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ London: Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. ] 1889.
£50.00

16pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, with light signs of age and wear. Scarce: no copy at the British Library, and the only copies on COPAC at the Humanist Library and Oxford University.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] The Clergy & Common Sense. By Colonel R. G. Ingersoll.

Author: 
Colonel R. G. Ingersoll [ Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London; the Brooklyn Union ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ London: Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. ] Undated [ circa 1890 ].
£50.00

31 + [1]pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. Engraved portrait of Ingersoll on title-page,with facsimile signature. Last page carries a list of 'Colonel Ingersoll's Works.' The essay begins: 'The Brooklyn Union has interviewed Robert G. Ingersoll, who criticises the Union's recent interviews with clergymen.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Do I blaspheme? An Oration by Col. R. G. Ingersoll.

Author: 
Col. R. G. Ingersoll [ Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [London: Printed and published by G. W. Foote, at 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C.] 1889.
£50.00

29pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, with light signs of and wear, and minor marking to title-leaf. Scarce: no copy in the British Library, and the only copy on COPAC at Oxford.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Love the Redeemer. With reference to Count Tolstoi's "Kreutzer Sonata," and his Views on Christianity, Love, the Family, and Civilisation. By Col. Robert G. Ingersoll. (From the "North American Review," September, 1890.)

Author: 
Col. Robert G. Ingersoll [ Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ] [ Count Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910); G. W. Foote, Progressive Publishing Company, London ]
Publication details: 
London: Progressive Publishing Company, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. [ London: Printed and Published by G. W. Foote, 28 Stonecutter Street, E.C. ] 1890.
£65.00

15 + [1]pp., 12mo. Disbound without wraps. In good condition, lightly aged. 'I disagree with nearly every sentence in this book, regard the story as brutal and absurd, the view of life presented as cruel, vile, and false'. The last page carries a list of 'Works by Colonel R. G. Ingersoll.' Scarce: no copy in the British Library, and the only copy on COPAC at Durham.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] "Breaking the Fetters." A powerful Discourse delivered to immense Audiences in America, by Colonel Ingersoll. The Great American Orator and Wit.

Author: 
Colonel Ingersoll [ Colonel R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ]
Publication details: 
'Fifteenth Edition.' London: Robert Forder, 28, Stonecutter Street, Farringdon Street, E.C.
£50.00

18pp., 12mo. Disbound. In grey printed wraps, with engraved portrait of Ingersoll on front cover. In good condition, lightly aged. An attack on religion, also taking in slavery and the theory of evolution. No copy of this fifteenth edition on COPAC, and only four copies of any edition, and none at the British Library.

[ Printed pamphlet. ] Col. Ingersoll at Home. Biographical Notes, Occasional Utterances, Characteristics.

Author: 
[ Col. Ingersoll; Colonel R. G. Ingersoll; Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899), 'The Great Agnostic' ]
Publication details: 
Trade supplied by John Heywood, Ridgefield, John Dalton Street, Manchester; 11 Paternoster Buildings, London. [ 1880s. ]
£50.00

16pp., 12mo. Disbound, without wraps. In good condition, lightly aged. On reverse of title: 'This is not a reprint, and Publisher reserves right.' Scarce: the only copy on COPAC or WorldCat at Oxford Univesity, whose entry dates it to the 1880s..

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