FRANCE

[ Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort , Duc de Duras, Maréchal de France. ] Autograph Document Signed ('Le Duc de Duras'), undertaking to pay a sum of money.

Author: 
Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort , Duc de Duras (1715-1789), Maréchal de France, French soldier and politician
Publication details: 
Paris. 31 May 1766.
£100.00

1p., 4to. In good condition, lightly-aged. Twelve lines of text in a close hand. The document has been signed and docketed: 'Douzieme et derniere Inventoire cette soixante seize', with the underlining of passages in which Duras undertakes to pay the sum as soon as possible, and with exactitude.

[ Edmond-Frédéric Le Blant, archaeologist. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Edmond Le Blant'), in French, to an unnamed recipient, discussing the practice of cremation, and listing periodicals to which he contributes.

Author: 
Edmond Le Blant [ Edmond-Frédéric Le Blant ] (1818-1897), French archaeologist and historian
Publication details: 
'Paris, rue Leroux, no 7'. 14 May 1874.
£120.00

3pp., 12mo. Bifolium. In fair condition, on aged paper with some wear at bottom edge. Addressed 'Monsieur'. After a reference to a newspaper article by the recipient and 'les journalistes Français', he communicates, on the subject of cremation, 'un fait que j'ai appris hier du rédacteur en chef d'un grand journal Suisse et qui n'a pas été rendu public par les gazettes', concerning an attack on those attempting a cremation in Berne.

[ Le Sel; Mesquer, commune of Loire-Atlantique department of France. ] Anonymous MS. document on 'oeillets de marais' and salt preparation, comprising fifteen 'Questions faites par monsieur le Sous prefet au maire de mesquer', each with answer.

Author: 
Mesquer, commune of the Loire-Atlantique department of France [ salt production; production de sel; 'oeillet de marais' ]
Publication details: 
[ Mesquer, Loire-Atlantique, France. ] Undated [ circa 1835 ].
£180.00

1p., landscape folio (30.5 x 39.5 cm). On watermarked laid paper. Divided into two columns: 'Questions faites par monsieur le Sous prefet au maire de mesquer' and 'Solution en Response a Monsieur Le Sous prefet Par Le Maire de Mesquer'. The first answer provides a definition of 'oeillet de marais', and is followed by facts regarding salt producers, their salaries, and other related matter. The reply to a question about the price of salt gives prices for the years 1833, 1834 and 1835.

[ Fencing in the French army during the July Monarchy; escrime francaise ] Manuscript 'Brévet de Maitre d'Armes' presented to Marius Chaix of 2e Regiment, 16e. Division Militaire at Arras, signed by eighteen 'Maîtres d'Armes'.

Author: 
Marius Chaix, 2e Régiment, 16e Division Militaire (Arras) [ Fencing in the French army during the July Monarchy ]
Publication details: 
Arras. 6 December 1840.
£450.00

Headed, with the first line in gold: 'Corps Royal du Genie. | 2e. Regiment. | Academie d'Escrime. | Brévet de Maitre d'Armes.' The commission reads: 'Nous soussigné Maîtres d'Armes, Composant la garrison d'Arras, après avoir reconnu les capacités du Sieur Chaix, (Marius) Maître Ouvrier à la Ce. Compagnie du 2e. Bataillon, du dit Regiment. On one side of a 28 x 36 cm piece of cream paper. In fair condition, aged, creased and worn, with central vertical fold.

[ Edme Sainson, Ecuyer Conseiller Secrétaire du Roi (Louis XV). ] Signed Autograph Document on vellum, giving certified transcriptions of two documents relating to payments by 'Mre. Charles Dorel [...] Banquier Expeditionnaire en Court de Rome'.

Author: 
Edme Sainson (c.1726-1753), Ecuyer Conseiller Secrétaire du Roi (Louis XV) [ Charles Dorel, Banquier Expéditionnaire en Court de Rome ]
Publication details: 
The two transcribed documents are dated 2 May 1736 and 10 May 1736. The transcription is undated.
£320.00

On one side of a 22 x 33 cm piece of vellum. In fair condition, lightly aged and worn, with some pin-holes to margin. Stamp in black ink at head of the 'REV. CAS DU ROY [...] GEN. DE PARIS'. Signed at end: 'Collationné aux originaux par moi Ecer. Coner. Secretaire du Roy maison Couronne de france et de Ses finances/. | Sainson'. Each transcript is eight lines long, the first having been signed by 'Orry' and the second by 'Carreler' (both signatures also transcriptions). The recorded payments were made by Dorel in connection with his office as 'Coner.

[ Guillaume Boichot, French sculptor. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Boichot | membre de l'institut national'), to a 'Citoyen Collegue', asking for seeds for the planting of a botanic garden.

Author: 
Guillaume Boichot (1735-1814), French sculptor [ Christian de Launoy and Joseph PItton de Tornefort, botanists ]
Publication details: 
'Autun Ce 22 pluviose A. 7'. [ 10 February 1799 ]
£350.00

1p., 4to. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Written in a small hand over 22 lines. He begins by stating that he is writing on behalf of 'lécole Centrale du departement de Saone et Loire séant a Autun', 'particulierement le professeur d'histoire naturelle et moi professeur de dessein en la même école'. The recipient will render them a great service if he will send 'toutes les graines qui sont denommée sur une premiere liste que jai remis'. The rest of the letter asks the recipient, with the help of 'le Ci. l'aunoy' [i.e.

[ Claude Dejoux, French sculptor. ] Autograph Document Signed ('Dejoux') providing a series of accounts (for the tax authorities?).

Author: 
Claude Dejoux (1732-1816), French sculptor
Publication details: 
'A Paris ce 19. 8bre. 1792. l'an 1er. de La République française'. [ 19 October 1792 ]
£350.00

2pp., 8vo. In good condition, on a leaf of lightly-aged paper. With circular red stamp of the autograph collector P. Jul. Fontaine. Begins: 'Claude Dejoux sculpteur de L'académie demeure actuellement a paris rue de L'université, palais de Bourbon.' The document, which carries the signature of a witness, consists of an extract, presumably for the tax authorities, beginning 'Certificate de La Section Des Invalides en date du 19. 8bre. 1792 L'an 1er. de La Republique'.

[ Antoine Renou, French painter and playwright. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Renou'), 'Au Citoyen Monger', a secretary to the Institut National

Author: 
Antoine Renou (1731-1806), French painter and playwright [ Monger of the Institut National; Pierre Bénézech (1749-1802), French Minister of the Interior ]
Publication details: 
'ce 4 Thermidor. An 5e.' [ 23 July 1797 ]
£450.00

4pp., 8vo. Bifolium. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Signed 'Salut et fraternité | Renou'. A long and interesting letter, regarding student unrest in the French revolution, and involving a descision taken by the 'Classe des Sciences et Artes de l'Institut, qui acorde un jour de prolongation aux Concurrens pour les prix de Peinture', and the attempts of the Institut National to impose discipline.

[ Antoine-Denis Chaudet, French sculptor. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Chaudet') to a 'cher camarade' (the architect A.-L.-T. Vaudoyer?), with reference to the architect Julien-David Le Roy.

Author: 
Antoine-Denis Chaudet (1763-1810), French neoclassical sculptor [ Antoine-Laurent-Thomas Vaudoyer (1756-1846), architect; Julien-David Le Roy (1724-1803), architect and archaeologist ]
Publication details: 
'ce 25 Mess[idor] - an 11'. [ 14 July 1803 ]
£300.00

1p., 16mo. In good condition. He begins by thanking him for his concern over his health: 'je vais beaucoup mieux et avec des ménagements j'espere que cela n'auras pas de suite'. In the next paragraph he refers to the French architect Julien-David Le Roy, recently deceased: 'je savais le résultat de la tentative faites pour le respectable David le Roi il faut ce consoler avec les bonnes âmes de toute celle que l'on rencontre qui sont seche et aride'. A final paragraph describes his intentions towards 'souscripteurs'. In a postscript he presents his respects to 'Mme Vaudoyer'.

[ Eighteenth-century French map. ] Attractive manuscript map in colours, captioned in French and titled 'Plan & description De Certains Prez Appartenants Aux Dames Religieuses de lopital & A Jacques Gviot & autres'.

Author: 
[ Eighteenth-century French map ] [ Chanu, Bayeux? La Châtaigneraie, Vendée? ] [ Jacques Guiot; Maupas ]
French Map
Publication details: 
France [ Chanu, Bayeux? La Châtaigneraie, Vendée? ] Eighteenth century?
£180.00
French Map

On piece of 38 x 30 cm watermarked paper. In fair condition, lightly aged. In red, green and sepia. Within a border, and with 'OCCIDENT' at the head, 'ORIANT' at the foot, 'MIDY' to the left and 'SEPTENTRION' to the right. Attractive in design, with capital letters in red and simple tree design around the boders of fields.

[ Printed catalogue of puppet figures by Albert Guillaume, produced for the 1900 Paris World's Fair. ] Exposition Universelle de 1900 | Au Théâtre des Bonshommes Guillaume | Au Cours-la-Reine (Rue de Paris)'.

Author: 
[ Albert Guillaume (1873-1942), French painter, caricaturist and 'father of the modern poster'; Exposition Universelle de 1900; Paris World's Fair, 1900 ]
Waxworks/Puppets
Publication details: 
H. Simonis Empis | Editeur | 21, Rue des Petits-Champs, Paris. [ 1900. ]
£100.00
Waxworks/Puppets

16pp., landscape 8vo. Stapled in cream printed wraps, printed in black red, grey, yellow and blue, with caricature by Guillaume on cover showing a lady performer on a chair with a glove puppet of a gentleman. Worn and aged, with rusted staples, and wrappers detached. The sixteen pages of the catalogue are printed in light-blue and yellow on shiny art paper, and consist entirely of captioned photographs of waxworks, with no accompanying text.

[ Louis-Philippe Mouchy, French sculptor. ] Part of request to 'Concitoyens Commissaires', signed 'Mouchy Sculpteur de l'academie de peinture de la Commission des monuments', regarding works of art in the 'Cy devant Seminaire de St. Louis' in Paris.

Author: 
Louis-Philippe Mouchy (1734-1801), French sculptor [ La Commission des Monuments, Paris; French Revolution ]
Publication details: 
25 January 1793.
£280.00

1p., 8vo. In good condition. The ancient Seminary of St Peter and St Lewis in Paris (now demolished) was being used as barracks at the time Mouchy was writing, having been suppressed the year before. The page begins: 'Au Cy devant Seminaire de St. Louis rue d'Enfer dans L'Eglise sont a distraire de la vente primo tous ce qui Compose le maitre autel en marbre bleux et blanc, et le grand Tableaux [sic] representant St. Pierre guerissant un paralitique, [sic] et autres Secondo les chapelles de cote aussy [sic] de même Couleur avec leurs tableaux bordures dorés, dont l'un est un St.

[ Jean-Pierre Pequignot, French sculptor and artist. ] Autograph Receipt Signed ('Pequignot | Sculpteur') for moneys received from the 'Citoyen Penkoucke' for a copy 'dune joueuse dosselets' [sic; female player of bones?]].

Author: 
Jean-Pierre Pequignot (1765-1807), French sculptor and artist [ Panckoucke family, Parisian printers ]
Publication details: 
'a paris le 23 brumaire lan qatrieme [sic] de la republique'. [ 15 November 1795 ]
£300.00

1p., 4to. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Pequignot's spelling is shaky. The document reads: 'Le Sossignez en reconais avoir recu du Citoyen Penkoucke la Some de deux mile franc a Compte dune Copie que je lui fais dune joueuse dosselets | Pequignot | Sculpteur'. He is referring apparently to an engraving of his sculpture "La Joueuse d'Osselets" ["jacks"], or some form or other. The recipient was a member of the notable firm of French printers and publishers, probably Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (1736-1798).

[ Lucien Jeorgeaguet, Parisian porcelain [porcelaine] decorator. ] Collection of source material, including original drawings (some coloured) and photographs. Included among the drawings are two signed by 'Alice Mattei | pour Delvaux'.

Author: 
Lucien Jeorgeaguet, Parisian porcelain decorator [ Alice Mattei; Delvaux ]
Publication details: 
With label addressed to 'Mr JEORGEAGUET Lucien | Décorateur Porcelaine | 48 Rue de Pixérecourt | PARIS XXe Gr 14'. Mattei's drawings dated February and March 1961. Also a bill dated 24 November 1970. The other material from around the same time.
£600.00

53 items, in remains of folder with 'Documents Modèles' in manuscript on cover. In fair condition, with light signs of age and wear. Mainly comprising tracings and drawings (some coloured) of designs (both original and copied from historical items), in pencil, pen and watercolour, including some on pages torn from notebooks, some of them annotated in French. Mattei's two coloured drawings show bold floral designs for teacups and saucers. Also present is a series of versions of a playing-card design. There are also eleven black and white photographs of pots, vases and snuffboxes.

[ Émilie Broisat, actress with the Comédie-Française. ] Autograph Letter Signed to 'Monsieur Laval', declining an invitation.

Author: 
Émilie Broisat (1846-1929), French actress with the Comédie-Française
Publication details: 
'Dimanche soir' [ no place or date ].
£30.00

2pp., 12mo. On bifolium. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Gracefully declining an invitation.

[ Charles Lucien Bonaparte, ornithologist and nephew of Napoleon. ] Autograph Signature (' C L. Bonaparte').

Author: 
Charles Lucien Bonaparte [ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano ] (1803-1857), biologist and ornithologist, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
Publication details: 
Place and date not stated.
£56.00

On 5.5 x 14 cm. strip of paper. Apparently written in response to a request for an autograph. Reads: 'I am much flattered by the demand | C L. Bonaparte' ('demand' being a mistake for 'request').

[ Printed item, inscribed by the author ('G Vapereau'). ] L'Année Littéraire et Dramatique.

Author: 
G. Vapereau, Auteur du Dictionnaire universel des Contemporains [ Louis Gustave Vapereau (1819-1906), French critic and lexicographer ]
Publication details: 
Première Année (1858). Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie, Rue Pierre-Sarrazin, No 14. 1859.
£180.00

viii + 491 + [1]pp., 8vo. Aged and slightly damp-stained along the fore-edge. In worn calf quarter-binding, marbled endpapers. Inscribed on half-title 'A M. J de Vasconcellos | Hommage de l'auteur | G Vapereau'.

[ Peter le Neve Foster, Secretary to the Society of Arts. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('P. le Neve Foster') to W. H. Teulon, expressing great distress at the news of the death of an old friend.

Author: 
Peter le Neve Foster (1809-1879), Secretary to the Society of Arts [ William Hensman Teulon (1809-1899), London hop merchant ]
Publication details: 
On letterhead of the Society of Arts, Adelphi, London. 11 December 1876.
£45.00

3pp., 8vo. Bifolium. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. He is 'shocked as well as surprised' at the sad news of the death of his 'old friend', who had told Foster's assistant the previous Tuesday that he had had 'a fainting fit which he understood came from any of the heart'. Foster is 'truly grieved at the loss', 'a more excellent worthy character it was not my lot to have met with and my experience has now run over many years. He was truly a friend and at my time of life there is little chance of my being able to fill the vacancy his death creates'.

[ French numismatics. ] Anonymous Victorian manuscript lists, in English, of mainly French medals contained in the 'Largest Box'.

Author: 
[ Victorian French numismatics ]
Publication details: 
[ English, mid-Victorian. ]
£180.00

A total of 10pp., 12mo. Neatly written out in a close mid-Victorian hand. Accompanied by a slip of paper carrying a list of the eight sections into which the items in the 'Largest Box' were divided. Three of the eight are lacking. The five sections present are: '2 French Medals', '3 French Medals', '5 Medals of Various Countries', '7 French Sovereigns | Members of the Bourbon Family | French Statesmen.', and '8 Napoleon and his Family.

[ Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol, French journalist and essayist. ] First page of Autograph Letter, giving details of a lecture he proposes to give.

Author: 
Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol (1829-1870), French journalist and essayist
Publication details: 
Paris. 23 April [ 1869 ].
£80.00

1p., 12mo. On aged and worn paper. Docketted on reverse: 'Letter Lectures | Prevost Peradol | 23 April 1869'. Reads: 'Sir | I accept the honourable invitation which is transmitted to me through your kind letter from the Directors of the philosophical institution of Edinburgh. The subject will be the social and political condition of France in two lectures.'

[ François Guizot, French politician and historian ] Autograph address, on cover of letter, to London bookseller Richard Bentley, with postmarks and seal in black wax.

Author: 
François Guizot [ François Pierre Guillaume Guizot ] (1787-1874), French politician and historian [ Richard Bentley (1794-1871), London printer and publisher ]
Publication details: 
With three postmarks, one from Paris, 13 February 1852
£45.00

Covering leaf of letter, 18 x 22.5 cm, folding into 7 x 15.5 cm packet. In fair condition, aged and worn. Addressed by Guizot to 'Mr. Bentley bookseller | 8 New Burlington Street | London | England.' Seal in black wax (without impression) and three postmarks, two circular French ones, including one from Paris, and an English one in red ink. Perhaps the cover of a communication relating to his book 'Corneille and his Times', published by Bentley in 1852.

[ French printed handbill. ] Copie d'une lettre adressée à très-haut et très-puissant prince monseigneur, duc d'Angoulême, par le très-humble frère trappiste, Antonio Maragnon.

Author: 
Antonio Maragnon (c.1778-1826) [ 'le Trappiste' ], French soldier-priest, commander of a division of 'l'Armée de la foi' [ Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (1775-1844), last Dauphin ]
Publication details: 
'Toulouse, 10 février. [ 1825? ]' [ 'Imprimerie de madame Jeunehomme-Crémières, rue des Noyers, n. 46.' ]
£250.00

2pp., 4to. On laid paper. In fair condition, lightly aged and worn. Armorial engraving as heading, with crown, clouds and halo. Addressed to 'Sérénissime seigneur', and fulsome in his praise: 'C'est vous qui avez touché le coeur des potentats de l'Europe, et qui les avez rendus fovorables [sic] à notre cause; [...]'. Concludes by looking to the day when 'notre restauration sera accomplie, quand vous aurez assuré, ô prince magnanime, le triômphe de l'autel et du trone et le repos de mon pays'. Presumably written on the death of Louis XVIII.

[ Jérôme De la Lande, French astronomer and freemason. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('De la Lande | de l'accad. des Sciences'), in French, with engraved portrait.

Author: 
Jérôme De la Lande [ Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande ] (1732-1807), French astronomer and freemason
Publication details: 
'Au College royal le 13 dec. 1783'.
£200.00

Both items in good condition, with light signs of age, and both tipped in to a paper folder, on the front of which is written the entry from the1833 bookseller's catalogue from which they were purchased: 'La Lande Member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, a very interesting Letter to some Magistrate soliciting relief for the purpose of his labouring usefully, having expended much money on his pursuits, without reserving any indemnity. It exhibits his delicacy in soliciting this assistance, and expresses a hope that his asseverations will obtain credit.

[ César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer. ] Signed ('Cassini de Thury') Autograph Copy of Letter, in French, sent to 'M. Bayeux', regarding the Sieur du Tremblay.

Author: 
César-François Cassini de Thury (1714-1784), French astronomer and cartographer [ Daniel-Charles Trudaine (1703-1769), civil engineer ]
Publication details: 
Paris. 3 June 1751.
£450.00

1p., 4to. In very good condition, on lightly aged paper. Tipped into a paper wallet, on the front of which is written in a contemporary hand the entry from the1833 bookseller's catalogue from which it was purchased, indicating that the item was considered uncommon even at that time: 'Cassini, the Astronomer, relative to a Memoir of the Sieur du Tremblay. | A choice specimen of a scarce Autograph. | No 176 Thorpe's Catalogue 1833'. Cassini's copy letter, with nine lines of text, is written over the unsigned letter to which it is the reply..

[ Maurice Chevalier, French entertainer. ] Autograph Signature.

Author: 
Maurice Chevalier [ Maurice Auguste Chevalier ] (1888-1972), French actor, singer and entertainer
Publication details: 
Place and date not given.
£20.00

On 5 x 12.5 cm slip of good-quality laid paper. In good condition, lightly aged. In blue ink, and simply consisting of the christian name above the underlined surname: 'Maurice Chevalier'.

[ Société des Artistes Français, Paris. ] Printed and illustrated certificate, giving 'Mention Honorable' to 'Monsieur [sic] INGLIS (Jean)' at the painting section of the Salon of 1928. Signed by president Paul Chabas and secretary 'A. Bréauté'.

Author: 
Paul Chabas [ Paul Émile Chabas ] (1869-1937), French artist, President of the Société des Artistes Français [ Jean Inglis (1884-1959), English artist ]
Publication details: 
'Salon de 1928'. 'Paris - Imp. A. Salmon Porcabeuf Sr.'
£80.00

Printed in black on one side of a 49.5 x 65 cm. piece of thick paper. In fair condition, aged and rolled into a tube. A tasteful design, featuring an engaving of a palm leaf. Signed at foot by 'Paul Chabas' and 'A. Bréauté'.

[ André Antoine, French actor. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('A. Antoine'), in French, to 'monsieur Clarkson', regarding 'mes perruques'.

Author: 
André Antoine (1858-1943), French actor, considered the father of modern French mise en scène [ Theatre Antoine, Paris ]
Publication details: 
Camaret-sur-Mer, on letterhead ('Direction') of the Théâtre Antoine, Paris. 4 July 1904.
£55.00

1p., 8vo. In fair condition, on aged paper. Tasteful floral design to letterhead, in Art Nouveau style. His affairs have forced him to advance his departure (from Paris) by an evening, but assures him that, before the moment comes, he will have himself sought out his wigs.

[ Victor Perrin, duc de Bellune, maréchal d'Empire. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Le Maréchal Victor'), addressed to 'Monseigneur', regarding the advancement of a member of the Duverger family in the service of the King of Westphalia.

Author: 
Victor Perrin, duc de Bellune [ Claude-Victor Perrin, duc de Belluno ] (1764-1841), French maréchal d'Empire
Publication details: 
Berlin. 19 January 1808.
£300.00

2pp., folio. In fair condition, on aged paper. He writes that two of his aides-de-camp belong to the 'famille distinguée' of Duverger, and asking for assistance in obtaining preferment for a third in the service of the King of Westphalia. The document is annotated by the recipient at the head of the first page.

[ Pierre, Duc de Penthièvre. ] Autograph Letter Signed ('Duke de Penthièvre'), in English, expressing his condolences to an unnamed recipient. on his 'untimely loss'

Author: 
Pierre, Duc de Penthièvre [ Pierre Philippe Jean Marie d'Orléans ] (1845-1919), member of the French and Brazilian royal families and traveller
Publication details: 
'<Peian?> - Ajaccio; Thursday 3 p.m.' [ no date ]
£80.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. The letter reads: 'My dear Sir, | Only one Word to let you know how deeply I feel your untimely loss and to ask you to be by Mrs. Lewis, her daughter and all your people the interpreter of all my sincerest sentiments of regret. | Yrs. truly | Duke de Penthièvre'.

[ Bertrand, Count Clausel, Marshal of France. ] Autograph Note Signed ('Mal Clausel'), in margin of a petition from the widow Sallemant to Baron de Schonen, requesting a the continuance of a civil list pension.

Author: 
Bertrand, comte Clausel [ Count Bertrand Clausel or Clauzel ] (1772-1842), Marshal of France [ Baron Auguste Jean Marie de Schonen (1782-1849) ]
Publication details: 
The petition dated from Paris, 18 July 1838.
£250.00

1p., folio. In fair condition, on aged paper. The petition is headed 'A Monsieur le Baron de Schonen | liquidateur de l'ancienne liste civile', with 'Sallemant' (the name of the petitioner) beneath it in another hand. Clausel's note, of eleven lines of a few words each, is in the left-hand margin, and recommends to 'la bienveillance de Mr. de Schonen' the petition of a woman who describes herself as 'une malheureuse veuve'. Laid down on the reverse is a piece of card, carrying a biographical note in English in an nineteenth-century hand.

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