ENGRAVER

[ Samuel Cousins, engraver. ] Autograph Note Signed ('Saml: Cousins') to the Scottish artist Thomas Faed

Author: 
Samuel Cousins (1801-1887), RA, English mezzotint engraver [ Thomas Faed (1826-1900), RA, Scottish artist ]
Publication details: 
On letterhead of 24 Camden Square, N.W. [London] 29 October 1877.
£30.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, lightly-aged, with small piece of mount adhering at head. Accepting an invitation to dinner.

[ Henry Lemon, English engraver. ] Three Autograph Letters Signed to his publishers of Messrs. E. Gambert & Co., the first two regarding his engraving 'The Miller's Daughter', and the last proposing to engrave 'The Saviour in the Temple'.

Author: 
Henry Lemon (1822-1902), English engraver [ Messrs E. Gambert & Co., London publishers ]
Publication details: 
The first two from 4 Chalcot Terrace, London. 21 April and 11 December 1858. The third from 2 Winchester Road, Avenue Road, Regents Park, NW. 24 December 1860.
£80.00

The three items in good condition, on lightly aged and worn paper. ONE: 4 April 1858. 2pp., 12mo. Bifolium. Addressed to 'Mr. H Moore | Messrs. Gambert & Co.' Regarding the financial arrangement surrounding his engraving 'The Miller's Daughter'. On the subject of 'the two repayment bills', he would 'rather not part with £50.00 for some two or three months to come'. TWO: 11 December 1858. 1p., landscape 12mo. Directing the firm to give the bearer 'six (6) Artists Proofs of Millers Daughter -, which I long since promised to the owner of the Picture'. THREE: 24 December 1860. 2pp., 12mo.

[ John Shury, London engraver. ] Engraved moving circular wheel on backing, titled 'A Circular Table, to find all the Moveable Sundays in the Year.'

Author: 
John Shury, engraver in Georgian London [ Thomas Tegg (1776-1845), London publisher and printseller ]
Publication details: 
'J. Shury Sc. | London, Published by Thomas Tegg, 73, Cheapside, July, 1, 1828.'
£120.00

An attractive and unusual item, and extremely scarce: no copies recorded on either OCLC WorldCat or COPAC. Engraved print in shape 11 cm diameter circle, carrying text and numeration, attached to printed 8vo leaf and superimposed on matching circular print with months and further numeration, to make a calculation tool. At head of page, beneath title and above wheel: 'To find the SUNDAYS that depend on EASTER day.

Autograph Note Signed 'Will. H. Lizars' on receipt of payment for work on Walter Scott novels.

Author: 
[ William Home Lizars ] William H. Lizars (1788–1859), Scottish painter and engraver.
Publication details: 
Edinburgh, 8 June 1827.
£180.00

One page, 21 x 8cm, one dge frayed and sunned, text clear and complete. Lizars acknowledges paymentof £49.14 from "John Gibson Junr, Esqre for the Trustees of Sir Walter Scott, Bart [...] payment of [annexed?] account [not present] for Titles to Tales & Romances."

[Louis Haghe, artist and engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('L. Haghe') to an unnamed correspondent, regarding the contribution of two paintings to a conversazione, and his brother Charles Haghe.

Author: 
Louis Haghe (1806-1885), British lithographer and watercolour painter of Belgian descent [his brother Charles Haghe (d.1888), also an engraver]
Publication details: 
6 Upper Belmont Place, Wandsworth Road [London]. 28 May 1860.
£100.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, lightly aged and worn, with 'Conversazione' in a contemporary hand at head of first page. Addressing his letter to 'Dear Sir', Haghe begins by acknowledging the receipt of 'a card for the conversasione [sic] of the 5th. of June next', adding that he will be pleased 'to send you a couple of pictures at the appointed time'. He gives the dimensions of the two pictures. He ends by reminding the recipient that 'my brother Charles has not yet received the card you have usualy [sic] been kind enough to send him'.

[The eighteenth-century London print trade.] Autograph Receipt Signed ('Robt. Dunkarton') from engraver Robert Dunkarton to the printseller John Boydell.

Author: 
Robert Dunkarton, (c.1744–1811 or 1817), English engraver and portrait painter [John Boydell (1720-1804), printseller and Lord Mayor of London]
Publication details: 
[London.] 23 August 1783.
£90.00

On 4 x 14.5 cm slip of paper. In fair condition, placed in a windowpane frame, on leaf removed from album. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper, in creased mount. Reads: 'Augst. 23: 1783 Recd. of Mr Boydell Twelve Pound's [sic] on Account | Robt. Dunkarton | £12: 0: 0'. On the reverse is a receipt signed by a 'Jno Harley'. For more information about Dunkarton and Boydell, see their entries in the Oxford DNB.

'The Chinese Bridge & Pagoda, | Erected in the Park, in commemoration of the Glorious Peace of 1814.' [Handcoloured engraving by John Heaviside Clark from Matthew Dubourg.]

Author: 
Matthew Dubourg (fl.1786-1838), artist; John Heaviside Clark (c.1771-1836), Scottish engraver; Edward Orme (1775-1848), London printseller [Chinese bridge and pagoda, St James's Park, London, 1814]
Publication details: 
'Published and Sold Augt. 12th. 1814, by EDWD. ORME, Publisher to his Majesty and H.R.H. the Prince Regent, Bond Street (corner of Brook Str.) London.'
£45.00

In good condition, on lightly-aged paper, with discoloration to the reverse showing through slightly at corners. Dimensions: paper 23 x 32 cm; plate 20 x 30 cm; image 15 x 23 cm.

[John Farleigh, wood engraver.] Wood-engraving of naked black girl with African man with garland of flowers around his groin, in same style as those for Bernard Shaw's 'Adventures of the Black Girl in her Search for God'. Apparently unpublished.

Author: 
John Farleigh, prob. [Frederick William Charles Farleigh] (1900-1965), English wood engraver [George Bernard Shaw]
Publication details: 
Place and date not stated. [London, circa 1932.]
£450.00

Printed in black on one side of piece of 33 x 20 cm thick paper [full page containg image, 20 x 13cm]. Dimensions of print 23 x 13.5 cm [largest image in book, 15 x 9.5cm] . In good condition, on lightly aged and creased paper, with slight foxing.

[Charles Dickens.] Proof before the letters on India paper of steel engraving by Robert Graves of portrait of Dickens by Daniel Maclise. From the collection of Lumb Stocks, RA.

Author: 
[Robert Graves (1798-1873), ARA, engraver; Daniel Maclise (1806-1870), RA, artist; Charles Dickens; Lumb Stocks (1812-1892), RA, steel engraver]
Publication details: 
[London. 1839.]
£200.00

Dimensions of engraving 12 x 10cm. Paper size 24 x 16cm. Mount size 50 x 34cm. In fair condition, lightly aged and worn, with no foxing. Card mount with light spotting and wear to extremities. No engraved text whatsoever. Stocks has written in light pencil at the foot of the paper: 'Chas. Dickens | Painted by D. Maclise R.A Engd. by Robt. Graves ARA'. Surprisingly scarce.

[Mathew Varenne, bookseller, near Somerset House in the Strand.] Engraved bookplate ('H: Hulsbergh Sc.') with inscription 'This Book and all sorts are to be had at Math: Varrenne's at the Senecas head near Sommerset house in ye Strand.'

Author: 
[Mathew Varenne [Matthew de Varenne; Varens] (d.1726), bookseller at the sign of Seneca's Head, near Somerset House in the Strand, London; Hendrik Hulsbergh (d.1729), London-based Dutch engraver]
Publication details: 
[Mathew Varenne, bookseller at the sign of Seneca's Head, near Somerset House in the Strand, London. Before 1726.]
£250.00

Note that Varenne's Christian name is spelled with one 't' on the bookplate, and generally with two 't's by later sources. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper, tipped in onto a grey paper mount. Engraved on a 12 x 8 cm piece of wove paper, with no margin.

Trade Card, text engraved by Ezekiel Abraham Ezekiel ("Ezekial Exon")

Author: 
[Ezekial, Exon, engraver] Trewman & Son, Printers, Stationers, Booksellers & Binders
Publication details: 
Fore Street, Exeter c.1790 [see BBTI for details of R. Trewman & Son]
£200.00

Trade card, apparently unrecorded, c.6.5 x 5cm, good condition. Text, "Trewman & Son | Printers, Stationers, | Booksellers & Binders. | Fore Street | EXETER || [minuscule] Ezekial, Exon."

[Samuel Cousins, engraver.] Autograph Note Signed ('Saml: Cousins.') to the London printseller Martin Colnaghi, sending sixty proofs of his 'plate of "Miss Macdonald"'.

Author: 
Samuel Cousins (1801-1887), English engraver [Martin Colnaghi, London printseller]
Publication details: 
Without place or date [1830].
£65.00

On 8 x 17cm piece of paper. In good condition, on aged paper, with small spike hole. Reads: 'To Martin Colnaghi Esqre | Sir | I have the pleasure to send you 60 Proofs from my plate of "Miss Macdonald," 30 of which number are before the Publication. | Saml: Cousins.' Docketted on reverse 'S. Cousins.' Cousins's engraving of Miss Julia Macdonald, from a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, was published in 1830.

[Thomas Medland, engraver.] Signed Autograph Receipt of payment for two engravings executed for the London booksellers Cadell & Davies.

Author: 
Thomas Medland (c.1765-1833), engraver, and drawing-master at Haileybury College [Cadell and Davies, London booksellers; Thomas Cadell the younger (1773-1836) and William Davies]
Publication details: 
24 July 1802.
£80.00

On 9.5 x 19cm piece of paper. With twopenny embossed official stamp 'For Receipts'. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper, with minor traces of mount on blank reverse. Reads: '24 July 1802 | Recd. of Messrs. Cadell & Davies the sum of Twenty pounds Nine Shillgs. & 6. as pr. bill delivered for engraving two Plates St. Geo: de Mina & a Naval Medal. | Thos: Medland | £20 . 9 . 6'. Itemised at foot in another hand: 'View of St. Geo: de Mina - 18 . 18 . 0 | A naval Medal 1 . 11 . 6 | [total] 20 . 9 . 6'.

[Samuel Cousins, engraver.] Autograph Note Signed ('Saml. Cousins'), inviting the unnamed recipient to a meeting of the Chalcographic Society.

Author: 
Samuel Cousins (1801-1887), English engraver [The Chalcographic Society]
Publication details: 
12 Regents Park Terrace. 1 November 1847.
£80.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper, with minor traces of former mount on blank reverse. The message reads: 'Dear Sir | I shall have the pleasure to receive the Chalcographic Society on Friday evening next, when I hope to be favor'd with your Company'. For information about the Chalcographic Society, , founded in 1807, see Dennis M. Read's biography of 'R. H. Cromek' (2011). A society set up for the encouragement of interest in engravings, ridiculed in a Blake notebook.

[Samuel Cousins, engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Saml. Cousins'), accepting an invitation from Edward William Cooke to dine with him and 'meet the President and Council of the Royal Academy'.

Author: 
Samuel Cousins (1801-1887), engraver associated with the Royal Academy [Edward William Cooke (1811-1880), RA, marine gardener and engraver]
Publication details: 
On letterhead of 24 Camden Square, London NW. 20 February 1865.
£40.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. He writes 'My dear Sir | I have the pleasure to accept your kind Invitation to Dine with you on the 4th March [amended from '28 Inst'] to meet the President and Council of the Royal Academy.' For more information about both men, see their entries in the Oxford DNB.

[Peltro William Tomkins, drawing master to the royal family.] Autograph Letter Signed ('P W Tomkins') to 'Gentlemen' [booksellers] regarding 'Dr Clarkes Plates' and the desire of the bearer of the letter to be employed as an engraver.d

Author: 
Peltro William Tomkins (1759-1840), engraver and draughtsman, drawing master to the family of King George III
Publication details: 
53 New Bond Street [London]. 14 March 1809.
£60.00

1p., 4to. In good condition, on aged paper, laid down on a grey-paper mount. The letter is addressed 'Gentlemen'. In the first paragraph he explains that having received their letter, he sent 'Dr Clarkes Plates [...] to the Writing Engravers but have not as yet received them back'. He has sent the bearer of the present letter to find out when they will be done, and he has been told to tell them the answer he receives. The second paragraph reveals that the bearer of the letter is himself an engraver: 'I understand that he applied to you for the engraving of one of your Portrait Plates.

[John Henry Robinson, engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('J. H. Robinson') to an unnamed male recipient, discussing his engraving of the Marchionness of Abercorn, and pointing out that the plate belongs to the printseller F. G. Moon.

Author: 
John Henry Robinson (c.1796-1871), engraver [Sir Francis Graham Moon (1796-1871), London printseller and publisher]
Publication details: 
20 Spring Street [London]. 23 February 1842.
£45.00

2pp., 12mo. In fair condition, on aged paper, with slight creasing and chipping at head. In answer to an enquiry, he states regarding 'the Portrait of the Marchioness of Abercorn' that 'though Mr Moon & I have not yet completed our arrangements I consider that the Plate is his property & not mine as you appear to have been informed'. He concludes by thanking him 'for the favorable opinion you are pleased to express both of the plate in question & the engraving'.

[William Pengree Sherlock, watercolour artist.] Autograph Letter Signed ('W P Sherlock') to an unnamed recipient, sending his 'last little Effort' in engraving, as proof of his abilities.

Author: 
William Pengree Sherlock (b.1775), watercolour artist and engraver, son of the artist and engraver William Sherlock (1738-1806)
Publication details: 
Cumberland Place, Shepherd's Bush. 21 July 1817.
£120.00

1p., 4to. Good, on aged paper. The letter begins: 'Sir | I shew to you my last little effort which is a Copy from Vertues large Print after the Picture by Holbein now hanging in the Council Chamber of Bridewell Hospital'.( A note at the foot of the page reads: 'The above was engraved for the Purpose of Illustrating Pennant Walpole &c'. He notes that the print (not present) was 'engraved as the companion to the last Print I sent you.

[William Bromley, engraver.] Signed ('W Bromley A.E. | Member of the Roman Academy of St Luke') Autograph note to Henry Howard, Secretary of the Royal Academy, giving the titles of two works for the 1833 Ancient Academy exhibition.

Author: 
William Bromley (1769-1842), English engraver, from 1819 an Associate Engraver of the Royal Academy
Publication details: 
21 Shaftesbury Terrace, Pimlico [London]. No date [1833].
£80.00

1p., small 4to. In fair condition, on aged and lightly-stained paper. Addressed on reverse to 'Henry Howard Esq R.A. Secy | Royal Academy | Somerset House'. There is no message to Howard, the text only consisting of Bromley's titles: 'No 1 | Head of Juno, Antique, in possession of G Bankes Esqr. Engraved for the Dilettante Society - | No 2 | A Caryatides, being one of the Elgin Marbles | Engraved for the Trustees of the British Museum -'. The two engravings were nos. 945 and 946 in the Royal Academy's 'Ancient Academy' of 1833 (see Literary Gazette, 15 June 1833).

[Sir Francis Seymour Haden, etcher and surgeon.] Autograph Letter Signed ('F. Seymour Haden') to 'B. Gibbs', explaining his reasons for declining an invitation, and a 'lantern man' at 'Gipsy [sic] Hall'.

Author: 
Sir Francis Seymour Haden [pseud. H. Dean] (1818-1910), etcher and surgeon
Publication details: 
On letterhead of Woodcote Manor, Alresford, Hampshire.
£65.00

4pp., 12mo. Bifolium. On aged paper, with a patch of damp staining across both leaves. He should be happy to accept the 'kind invitation', 'if it were not that I believe I am to be the Guest of your Honorary Secretary Dr. Rice Oxley on this occasion'. He hopes that 'Gipsy Hall will be the proper to come to in either case'. He requires 'certain particulars', and will be writing to Oxley regarding 'the ability of the lantern man to obtain fine definition - linear definition I mean'.

[George Marshall Ward, artist and engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('G R Ward') to H. Magford, offering to lend two works by his father James Ward to the Crystal Palace, and the exhibition of another one among Manchester 'merchant Princes'.

Author: 
George Marshall Ward (1798-1879), artist and engraver, son of the artist James Ward (1769-1859) [The Crystal Palace; Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester, 1857]
Publication details: 
31 Fitzroy Square W. [London] 27 April 1857.
£65.00

2pp., 12mo. Bifolium. In very good condition, neatly placed by the second leaf in a windowpane mount. He has 'received an intimation' that his picture is in Bond Street ('from whence I must fetch it'), and is writing to say that he has 'two Pictures by my Father (one very small but a beautiful little bit) the other the Peak in Derbyshire; a Landscape by Smith of Chichester & a copy of mine after Liverseege all of which I would lend to the Crystal Palace if you would like to have them'. He can deliver these to Bond St on collecting the other.

[Edward Scriven, engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Edwd Scriven') to the bookseller Joseph Harding regarding the retouching of his 'plate of Norfolk'.

Author: 
Edward Scriven (1775-1841), engraver [Joseph Harding, bookseller, chief assistant to James Lackington (1777-1844) of Finsbury Square]
Publication details: 
51 Clarendon Square, Somers Town [London]. 29 October 1819.
£165.00

2pp., 12mo. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Scriven begins: 'I am afraid you will have thought I had forgotten to send the plate of Norfolk: the truth is, I decided on doing a few touches to that hand noticed by you & Mr Lackington; and although it was but a very little, I did not like to trust its going without first seeing a proof, as we can never be quite sure, on at all touching the copper, how it may come afterwards.' He ends by sending his 'best respects to Mr Lackington and the rest of your Gentlemen'.

[Benjamin Phelps Gibbon, engraver.]

Author: 
Benjamin Phelps Gibbon (1802-1851), Wesh engraver
Publication details: 
89 Albany Street, Regents Park [London]. 17 November 1841.
Upon request

1p., 12mo. Good, on lightly-aged paper. He reports that he shared the 'bounty' of the recipient's 'delicious present' with his brother, who has been 'confined to the house for a month'. He reports that 'Mr Watts and family are well', and hopes that 'Mr Stack is so'.

[Althea Willoughby, English artist.] Two Autograph Letters Signed and one Autograph Note Signed to the publishers Ingpen and Grant regarding her designs for woodcut engravings for Alexander Somerton's 'Glades of Glenbella'.

Author: 
Althea Willoughby (1904-1982), English artist, designer of posters for London Transport, 1933-1936 [Ingpen and Grant, London publishers]
Publication details: 
All three from 20A Alfred Place, SW7 [London]. 14 April, 10 July and 2 August [1929].
£180.00

Each item is 1p., 12mo, the note being the last of the three. All written in green ink, the first on green paper, and the other two on pink paper. The three in very good condition, on lightly-aged paper. Written in an attractive, calligraphic hand. ONE: She writes that she is enclosing 'four rough designs [not present] for the woodcut frontispiece to the "Glade [sic] of Glenbella', and asks to be informed by return of the firm's choice, and she will 'get on with it at once'. She ends with a query about galley sheets. TWO: Docketted with brief pencil accounts.

[Abraham John Mason, wood engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('A. J. Mason') to 'J. Mayer Esqre', discussing a commission for an advertisement to be placed in the Art Union Monthly, mentioning individuals (Hall, Fairholt, Clements) and processes.

Author: 
Abraham John Mason, wood engraver [Samuel Carter Hall, editor of the Art Union Monthly]
Publication details: 
28 Liverpool Street, King's Cross. 27 January [no year].
Upon request

4pp., 12mo. 55 lines of text, written in a neat, clear hand. On bifolium, with second leaf neatly placed in paper windowpane mount. The letter begins: 'I herewith send the electrotype of the Trowel, [not present] which is I think a beautiful specimen of the peculiar but slow process.

[Peltro William Tomkins, drawing master to the royal family.] Autograph Letter Signed ('P W Tomkins') to 'Gentlemen' [booksellers] regarding 'Dr Clarkes Plates' and the desire of the bearer of the letter to be employed as an engraver.d

Author: 
Peltro William Tomkins (1759-1840), engraver and draughtsman, drawing master to the family of King George III
Publication details: 
53 New Bond Street [London]. 14 March 1809.
£60.00

1p., 4to. In good condition, on aged paper, laid down on a grey-paper mount. The letter is addressed 'Gentlemen'. In the first paragraph he explains that having received their letter, he sent 'Dr Clarkes Plates [...] to the Writing Engravers but have not as yet received them back'. He has sent the bearer of the present letter to find out when they will be done, and he has been told to tell them the answer he receives. The second paragraph reveals that the bearer of the letter is himself an engraver: 'I understand that he applied to you for the engraving of one of your Portrait Plates.

[John Henry Robinson, engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('J. H. Robinson') to an unnamed male recipient, discussing his engraving of the Marchionness of Abercorn, and pointing out that the plate belongs to the printseller F. G. Moon.

Author: 
John Henry Robinson (c.1796-1871), engraver [Sir Francis Graham Moon (1796-1871), London printseller and publisher]
Publication details: 
20 Spring Street [London]. 23 February 1842.
£45.00

2pp., 12mo. In fair condition, on aged paper, with slight creasing and chipping at head. In answer to an enquiry, he states regarding 'the Portrait of the Marchioness of Abercorn' that 'though Mr Moon & I have not yet completed our arrangements I consider that the Plate is his property & not mine as you appear to have been informed'. He concludes by thanking him 'for the favorable opinion you are pleased to express both of the plate in question & the engraving'.

[John Raphael Smith, mezzotint engraver and publisher.] Autograph Letter Signed ('J. R. Smith') to the architectural writer James Elmes, informing him of the progress of a work and that he is sending two proof plates. Carrying 3 signed notes by Elmes

Author: 
John Raphael Smith (bap. 1751, d. 1812), mezzotint engraver and print publisher [James Elmes (1782-1862), writer on architecture]
Publication details: 
'Newman Street. 33. [London]'. 17 June 1811.
£120.00

1p., 4to. Bifolium. Very good, on lightly-aged paper. Addressed on reverse of second leaf to 'James Elmes Esqre.' At the head of the letter Elmes has written: 'From J. Raphael Smith the celebrated mezzotinto Engraver | J Elmes', and down the bottom right-hand corner: 'From J. Raphael Smith, Painter in Crayons & Mezzotinto Engraver to Mr Elmes, with 2 proof prints | J. E'. At the foot of the page Elmes has identified 'Mr. Tooke' in the letter as 'Horne Tooke J.E.' Smith writes: 'Sir | I have sent you an impression of Sr.

[James Mitan, engraver.] Autograph Letter Signed ('J Mitan') to the print collector Robert Balmanno, arranging an exchange of prints by Abraham Raimbach between Balmanno and the engraver Charles Heath.

Author: 
James Mitan (1776-1822), English engraver [Robert Balmanno (1780-1861), Scottish author and print collector; Charles Heath (1785-1848), engraver; Abraham Raimbach (1776-1843), engraver]
Publication details: 
63 Warren Street, Fitzroy Place. 2 December 1814.
£220.00

2pp., 4to. 18 lines of text. In bifolium. Good, on aged and creased paper, with strip of page to which the letter was attached adhering. Addressed, with red wax seal, on reverse of second leaf, to 'R. Balmanno Esqre. | 3 Middle Temple Lane Temple'. He begins: 'Having some communication last week with Mr. Charles Heath in the course of conversation he was regretting that he could not procure any proofs of plates engaraved by Mr. Raimbach - now as your Kindness gained me what I wished of his performance with an obliging offer of something more it occurred to me to solicit fom Mr.

[Francesco Bartolozzi, Italian engraver.] Autograph Receipt Signed ('Francis Bartolozzi'), on account of 'Engraving a Print of The Royal Children after Mr: Copley' for Alderman John Boydell.

Author: 
Francesco Bartolozzi (1725-1815), Italian engraver, long resident in London, Engraver to King George III [Alderman John Boydell (1720-1804), London printseller; John Singleton Copley, artist]
Publication details: 
No place [London]. 23 January 1789.
£450.00

On one side of an 8 x 18cm piece of paper, with counting house spike hole in centre. In very good condition, lightly-aged, and neatly placed in a windowpane mount of 26 x 20.5 cm. With embossed Four Pence government stamp. Neatly and elegantly written out, it reads: 'Janry: 23 1789. Recvd. of Ald: Boydell Fifty Pounds upon acct: of Engraving a Print of The Royal Children after Mr: Copley | Francis Bartolozzi | 50. 0'.

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